BAH ERWIN K. SYIEM SUTNGA, NONGÏASAID AIÑ
Ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew jong ka Riti Synshar India ka dei ka aiñ bad ki kyndon ban synshar ha ki jaka tribal (Jaka Trai Ri) ha Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, bad Mizoram, kumba la pynkup bor da ka Artikil 244(2) jong ka Riti Synshar ka Ri India. Hynrei, ka la paw ba ki kyndon ba don mynta kim lah ban pynbiang ïa ki jingdonkam kyrpang jong ki jaidbynriew ai jait kmie ha Meghalaya, kum ki Khasi, Jaiñtia, bad Garo. Kine ki jaidbynriew ki mad jingeh ban pynneh ïa ka longrynieng jong ki (identity), ki rukom synshar tynrai ha ki shnong, bad ki hok halor ka khyndew haba ym don ka jingithuh ba shai ha ka Riti Synshar ka Ri India.
Ka jingpynjari kyndon ban ym shah ot dieng da ka Supreme Court jong ka India ha u 1996 bad ka jingpynjari kyndon ban khang tih dewiong da ka National Green Tribunal ha Meghalaya naduh u 2014 ki dei ar tylli ki jingshisha kiba pynpaw ïa ka jingduna jong ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew ban kam lah ban ïaksaid ban ïada pyrshah wat ïa ki aiñ kiba ktah ïa ki hok jong ki jaidbynriew ai jait kmie ha Meghalaya.
Ki mat kiba kongsan kum ki hok ban im na ka kamai la jong bad ki hok halor ka khyndew shimet haba la pynduh bor noh da ki aiñ ba ïadei bad ka mariang ki duh noh namar ka kyndon ïada kaba la pynbiang da ka Paragraph 12 A(b), kaba dei ka lad ban pynbeit ïa ki jingïatyngkhuh hapdeng ki aiñ ka Jylla Meghalaya bad ki aiñ Parliament bad ki riti dustur tynrai, hynrei ki riti ki dustur kim lah ban ieng ban khang ne ïada, namar ba ka kyndon Paragraph 12 A (b) kam lah ban treikam namar ki jingeh ban ïoh ïa ka jingpynbna da u President ban pynkylla is ki aiñ ka Parliament ban ïada ïa ki jaidbynriew ai jait kmie ki jong ngi. Mynta lah mih ruh sa ka jingpyndonkam bakla ïa ki bor jong ka sorkar jylla ïa ki aiñ bad ki lad, ha ka khleh khawlang bad ka saiñ pyrthei bad ki jingthmu shimet, ka ai lad ïa ka jingbamsap bad ka jingpyndonkam bakla ïa ka bor. Ka jingkit beaiñ ïa u dewiong ka sakhi ïa kane. Kane ka kylla long noh ka jingkhniot ïa ka hok u paidbah. Kane ka dei kawei na ki jingeh kaba donkam ban weng da kaba pynphai biang ïa kane ka bor hapoh ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew sha u Lat ne Governor ka Jylla Meghalaya kumba ka long shuwa ban ïoh ïa ka jylla Meghalaya ha u 1972.
Shuh shuh ka long kaba donkam eh ban don ka Lynnong Jylla ne State Chapter kaba kyrpang na ka bynta ka Meghalaya hapoh ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew ban pynbeit ïa kine ki jingeh bad ban pynneh ïa ki hok ka jaidbynriew ai jait kmie bad ki riti ki dustur jong ki Khasi, Jaiñtia, bad Garo. Ki aiñ kiba la thaw khamtam ha Parliament na ki rukom patrilineal ne ki ai jait kpa ki donkam jingpynkylla lyngba ka Paragraph 12 A(b) ban pynneh bad ïada ïa ki hok jong ki jaitbynriew ai jait kmie ha Meghalaya. Wat ïa ki aiñ ka sorkar Meghalaya ruh la shu bud tynneng bunsien khlem da pyrkhat sani ki nongmihkmat ïa kane ka bynta kaba kongsan palat. Dei ban pynneh ïa ka jingim ka ban nym ktah ïa kiwei hynrei kaba dei ban ïaineh slem ha ki rukom tynrai jong ki jaidbynriew ban don ka jingïadei bad ka mei mariang, ban kamai ïa la ka hok bad ban neh ki riti ki dustur bad ka longrynieng jong ka Jaidbynriew. Ka long kaba shisha ba ki jinglong tynrai ki la ing ding ne shah pynkylla da ki jingkhwan myntoi shimet, ba ngi la ïohi ha kine ki sngi ïa ka jingtynjuh ka jingkwah rhah spah bad ka jingbud tynneng ïa ka jong kiwei khamtam ban bieit ïa ka kolshor ki ai jait kpa. Da kaba lah ban bsut ïa ka Lynnong ka Jylla Meghalaya (State Chapter) ha ka kyndon ba shai hapoh ka Khyrnit kaba Hynriew ha ka Riti Synshar ka ri India. Ngi ngeit skhem, kan pynneh pynsah shisha ïa ki jinglong tynrai jong ka jaidbynriew ai jait kmie, kaba kynthup ïa ki riti bad dustur kiba don mynta ryngkat ruh ki rukom synshar trai ri ha ki shnong ki thaw bad ha ka kur ka jait.
Ka Jingdonkam Ban Pynkylla
Ka jingthmu ban pynkylla ïa ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew ka la paw bun sien. Khamtam eh da ka Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Fifth Amendment) Bill, 2019, ba la wanrah ha Rajya Sabha ha ka 6 tarik Rymphang 2019. Kane ka bill ka thmu ban pynkhlaiñ ïa ka jinglaitluid jong ki dorbar shnong bad dorbar municipal, ban pynkiew ïa ka jingïashimbynta ki kynthei, ban pynkiew ïa ki shuki MDC ba la jied bad ba la thung, ki kyndon kiba ïadei bad ka ban seng noh ïa ka State Finance Commission, bad ban pynkhlaiñ ïa ki rukom treikam jong ka synshar khadar na ka bynta ka jingai jingshakri ba kham bha ha ki jaka tribal (Jaka ki Trai Ri) jong ki District bad Territorial Councils jong ki saw tylli ki jylla kiba kynthup hapoh ka Artikil 244(2).
Kane ka bill ka la kut noh haba la pynlong ïa ki General Election sha Parliament ha u juh u snem uba bud. Hynrei, kam shym la lah ban pynpaw shynna ïa ki jingdonkam jong ki jaidbynriewai jait kmie kiba kyrpang ha Meghalaya, namar Ka jingbym don jong ka kyntien “Jaidbynriew ai jaitkmie” kaba mut “matrilineal” ha ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew. Khamtam ba ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew la thaw ïa da ka Constituent Assembly ban ïada ïa kine ki jaidbynriew. Kane ka jingbym kynthup ka pynlong ïa ki Khasi, Jaiñtia, bad Garo ban shah ktah ha ki rukom ai jait kpa lane patrilineal lyngba ki aiñ bad ki jingeh ha ka longrynieng ka jaidbynriew jong ki, ki riti dustur tynrai, ka hok halor ka khyndew, ki rukom synshar trai ri ha ki shnong, ki Raid bad ki Hima bad ha ka kur ka jait kiba ïa tyngkhuh ha kiba bun ki bynta.
Ki Jingeh na ki Aiñ Bathymmai Ki jingkylla ha ki aiñ bathymmai, kum ka Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (2023), kaba bujli ïa ka Criminal Procedure Code (1973), bad ka Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 ba bujli ïa ka Indian Penal Code, ki pynpaw ïa ka jingdonkam kyrkieh ban pynkylla ïa ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew. Ka Paragraph 5 (3) jong ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew ka buh kyndon ba ki Civil (Diwani) bad Criminal Procedure Codes (Phoidari) kim treikam ha ki jaka ka District Council lait noh lada la pynbna shai da ka bor jong u Governor. Ka Paragraph 4 ka ai bor ïa ki kashari ka District Council hapoh ka Indian Penal Code. Kane ka pynmih ïa ka jingïaknieh bad ka Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (2023), kaba bujli ïa ka Indian Penal Code (IPC). Haba ym don ki jingpynkylla ba biang, kan don ka jingklumar ha ka jingbishar mokotduma ha ki jaka tribal jong ka Meghalaya. Sa kawei ka jingdonkam ban pynkylla ka dei ban weng noh ïa ka Proviso (Jingbynrap) ka Paragraph 3 jong ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew, kaba ai jingbit ïa ka “compulsory acquisition” kaba mut ban shim jubor ïa ka khyndew trai ri , wat la ka Artikil 31, kaba ïadei bad kum kine ki kyndon, la pynduh da ka Forty-fourth Amendment ha u 1978 hapoh ka Riti Synshar ka Ri India. Kane ka long kaba pyrshah haba peit ïa ki kyndon hapoh ka Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Act, 2013, Kane ka aiñ ka kdew ba ka jingshim khyndew ha ki Scheduled Areas ne ki Tribal Areas ha Meghalaya ka dei ban long ka lad ba khadduh bad ba kutlad.
Ban pynrung ïa ki kyndon ka Artikil 371A
Ha kaba khadduh, nalor kiwei kiwei ki jingpynkylla ïa ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew, ki mat jong ka Artikil 371A-kaba ai jingïada kyrpang ïa ka jylla Nagaland-ki dei ban rung ruh ha ka Lynnong Jylla (State Chapter) jong ka Meghalaya. Ka Kyndon 371A ka ïada ïa ki niam, ki rukom, bad ki riti tynrai jong ka Nagaland kaba pynthikna ba ki aiñ ka Parliament kaba ktah ïa ka niam, ki rukom im, ka khyndew bad ki mar pohkyndew bad kiwei ki jingmih ha Nagaland, lait noh lada la pdiang ban leh da kumwei pat da ka Dorbar Thawaiñ (Legislative Assembly) jong ka Nagaland. Kumjuh ruh, ki jingïada kum kitei ki dei ban ai sha Meghalaya. Kynthup bad ka jingtreikam jong ka Paragraph 12 A(b), kane kan long ka lad ba khlaiñ ha ka Riti Synshar lada la phai biang ka bor ban pynkylla ïa ki aiñ ka Parliamentor sha u Lat ne Governor ka Meghalaya. Da kaba pynrung ïa kine ki mat ha ka Lynnong Jylla ne State Chapter jong ka Meghalaya, ki jaidbynriew trai ri kin don ki jingïada ha ka Riti Synshar
Ka Jingdonkam ïa Ka Lynnong Jylla ne State Chapter Ba Kyrpang
Ka long kaba donkam eh ban ban don ka Lynnong Jylla ne State Chapter kaba kyrpang ban ïada ïa ki rukom synshar tynrai jong ka Meghalaya, kum ka Dorbar Shnong (dorbar shnong), Dorbar Raid, bad Dorbar Hima, bad ruh ïa ki Dorbar Kur kiba long kiba kongsan na bynta ki Khasi bad Jaiñtia. Ha Garo Hills, ka rukom synshar Nokma ka treikam kumjuh ha kaba pynïaid ïa ki shnong bad ki jaka khyndew kur. Kine ki rukom synshar ki long kiba kongsan ban pynneh ïa ki rukom ai jait kmie bad ki hok halor ka khyndew ka shyiap. Kane ka kynthup ruh ïa ka synshar Kur (Clan) kiba long kiba kongsan ha ka imlang sahlang ka Jaidbynriew ai jait kmie.
Ki Jingeh na ka jingrung kyrthep ki Mynder Ri
Ka jingdonkam ïa ka Lynnong Jylla ne State Chapter ka kham kyrkieh haba peit ïa ki jingeh ba ktah na ka jingkiew kynsan ka jingbun paidbah ha Meghalaya. Ki dak ki shin hi ki pynpaw ba ka dei na ka jingïohlad ki mynder ri ban wan rung kyrthep. Ki jingtip na ka Right to Information (RTI) na ka Meghalaya Directorate of Economics and Statistics ki pyni ba ka jingbun paidbah jong kiwei ki jaidbynriew ne non- tribal ha Khasi bad Jaiñtia Hills ka la kiew palat na kumba 84,000 ha u 1952 sha palat 460,000 ha u 2011. Mynta lei lei ïoh lah poi sha ki 10 lakh eiei. Kane ka jingkylla jingbun paidbah, kaba wan na ka jingwan tuid ki Mynder Ri ka ktah jur ïa ki lad kamai kajih bad ruh ka ktah ïa ka imlang sahlang ki trai muluk. Ka la pynlong ruh ïa ki jingjia kum ka jingpyrshah jong ka Khasi Students Union (KSU) ïa kane ka jingwanrung kyrthep, kiba la duh jingkyrmen na ka jingbym lah jong ka Sorkar Meghalaya ban pynbeit ïa kane ka jingeh. Ka la poi haduh u pud ba ka KSU ka la shim ïa ka rai ban pyntreikam hi noh ïa ka “Inner Line” system. Kane ka la pynmih ïa kiba bun kiwei patde ki jingeh kaba ktah ïa ka jingkiew ka ïoh ka kot jong ka jylla namar ba ki nongbylla na bar ki la shah khang noh. Khamtam ruh, ki jingkulmar ha ki jaka ba marjan kum ha Manipur bad ki jingkylla saiñ pyrthei ha Bangladesh ki ktah jur namar bun kiba phet wir na Manipur ki poi sha Meghalaya khamtam ha Shillong bad. Mynta ka ap sa ka jingma na Bangladesh ruh namar ka jingshah thombor ki paid Hindu hangtei. Watla ka Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) jong u 2019 ka pyllait ïa ki jaka tribal kiba hap hapoh ki Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) jong ka Meghalaya, ka jingbym don ka jingithuh ha ka Riti Synshar ka Ri India hapoh ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew ïa ki rukom synshar tynrai kum ka Dorbar Shnong ka pyndkoh ïa ka jinglah jong ki ADCs ban pynbeit ïa ki jingeh kiba mih n aka jingwanrung kyrthep ki Mynder Ri. Ka Lynnong Jylla ne State Chapter ka ban kynthup shai ïa bad ai bor ïa ki Bor shnong hapoh ka aiñ ka long kaba donkam palat.
Jinghikai ka mynnor Bad Ki Jingduna Ha Ka Riti Synshar
Ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew la thaw ban ïada ïa ki hok tynrai halor ka khyndew, ki riti, ki khaii ka pateng, bad ki rukom synshar trai ri ha ki jaka trai ri ki jong ngi ne tribal areas. Hynrei, ka mynnor ka ïathuh ïa ki jingbym lah ban leh janai bad kyrpang patde. Kum ka jingbym lah jong ka Federation of Khasi States ha u 1949 ban ïoh jingithuh hapoh ka Riti Synshar ïa ki hok tynrai halor ka khyndew , ki riti bad ki dustur, ki la pynlong ïa ki jingeh ba khraw. Khamtam ruh, bun ki kyndon jong ka Instrument of Accession bad Annexed Agreement ba la soi da ki 25 Khasi States ha u 1948 kim pat lah ban rung ha ka Riti Synshar ka Ri India. Ka Lynnong Jylla ne State Chapter kaba kyrpang na ka bynta ka Meghalaya kan pynbeit ïa kine ki jingbym biang ha ka mynnor. Da kaba pynrung ïa ki mat jong ka Artikil 371A kan pynshisha ba ki jaidbynriew ai jait kmie ka Meghalaya kin ïoh shisha ïa kata ka kyrdan hapoh ka Ri India kum ki Jaidbynriew ba Kyrpang. Kane ka jingpyrshang ban ïoh ka Lynnong Jylla ne State Chapter ka dei ban ïada ïa ka nongrim ki jaidbynriew ai jait kmie, ka nongrim jong ka longrynieng jong ki Khasi, Jaiñtia, bad Garo. Ba ka ban burom ïa ki jingdonkam jong ka ïing ka sem, ki kur ki jait, ki hok jong ki kynthei bad ki khunlung. Ki nongrim jinglong ba bha jong ki Khasi bad Jaiñtia kum ka “Tip briew, Tip Blei”, “Tip Kur, Tip Kha”, bad “Ban Kamai ïa ka Hok” ki long ki nongrim ba kongsan jong ngi bad ki dei ban rung ha ka Khyrnit ba Hynriew kum ki nongrim ban buddien da ki pateng kiba mynta bad ki ban wan kum ka nuksa ïa ka Ri India bad ka pyrthei hi.
Ki jingpynkhreh synshar thymmai kiba la buh ha ka 125th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2019 ki thmu ban pynïar ïa ka bor synshar ki District Council ïa kiba yn sa ithuh hadien kum ki Territorial Council. Da kaba pynrung ïa ki mat jong ka Artikil 371A kan pynskhem syndon ïa ka jinglong kyrpang bad kan saiñ dur ïa ka jing rung ka jong ngi shapoh Ri India da kaba thikna namar ïa ka Jutang Ïateh (Instrument of Merger) ym pat soi ki jaidbynriew ai Jait Kmie bad ka sorkar India. Khamtam ba ki paidbah ai jait kmie ki jong ngi ki kmih lynti ïa kaba bha tam ha ka ïoh ka kot, ka jingïada ïa ki riti ki dustur, ka khyndew bad ka jing khang ïa ka jingwanrung kyrthep ki Mynder Ri, kaba lah ban kylla long ka jingtyllep na ki jaidbynriew ai jait kpa (patrilineal bad patriarchal invasion).
