BHOGTORAM MAWROH
Ka kyntien “indigenous people” ka thew ia ki kynhun jaitbynriew kiba long ki nongshong shnong kiba nyngkong eh ha ka Ri ne ka dong jong ka pyrthei. La tip ruh ia ki kum ki Trai Ri ne ki Trai Muluk. Ha kine ki khyndiat sngi ka la saphriang kawei ka video kaba pyni ia ka jingkren jong ka nongmihkhmat jong ka Ri India ha ka jingïalang kaba 23 (ar phew lai) jong ki kynhun Trai Ri kaba la long ha United Nations. Ka nongmihkhmat jong ka Ri India ka la ong ba ka Ri India kam pdiang ia ka jingbatai jong ka United Nations halor ki kyntien “Indigenous People” bad kumta ka rai jong ka ka jingïalang kaba 169 jong ka International Labour Organization (ILO) jong ka UN ha kaba ïadei bad ki hok jong ki Trai Ri Trai Muluk kam lah ban treikam ha Ri India.
Ha ka snem 1989 ka la don ka jingïalang bah jong ki kynhun Trai Ri satlak ka pyrthei, kaba la tip kum ka “Indigenous and Tribal Peoples’ Convention”, hynrei ka Ri India kam shym mynjur ia ki rai jong kane ka jingïalang. Katba ha ka snem 2007 pat ka la mih ka jingpynbna paidbah halor ki hok jong ki Trai Ri Trai Muluk, kaba la tip kum ka Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People” (UNDRIP) bad ka Ri India pat ka mynjur ia kane. Kumta ka la mih ka jingkulmar ba kumno ka Ri India ka kyntait ia ka rai jong ka jingïalang kaba 169 jong ka ILO katba ka pdiang pat ia ka jingpynbna jong ka UNDRIP. Kane te ka bym lah ban long namar ki tnat treikam jong ka United Nations kim ju treikam kumne.
Ha ka website jong ka tnat FAO-UN (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations) jong ka United Nations (UN) ka pynpaw ia ki Schedule Tribe jong ka Ri India kum ki “Indigenous People”. Ha kane ka website la kdew ruh ia ki Article jong ka Riti Synshar ka Ri India kiba batai shaphang ki hok bad jingïada ba ki Trai Ri ki ïoh bad ki Article ki long kine- Part X, Art. 244-244A, Article 341, and Article 342. Shuh shuh, la kdew ruh ia ki aiñ kiba ïada ia ki Schedule Castes bad Schedule Tribes ha India, kum ka aiñ Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 bad kumjuh ruh shaphang ka tnat treikam jong ka Sorkar India, ka Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Haba peit bniah ia ka website jong ka IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) bad khamtam ha ka bynta ba ïadei bad ka Ri India la buh jingkynthoh kumne, “wat la ka Ri India ka kyntait ban pdiang ia ki Schedule Tribe kum ki Trai Ri Trai Muluk, hynrei ka pdaing pat ia ki kyndon kiba pher kiba ïasnoh bad ka jingpyntreikam ia ki kam pynroi na ka bynta ki Trai Ri”. Ha ka kaiphot jong ka IFAD kaba la phah sha ka jingïalang kaba IX jong ka UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) la kdew shai ba ki don ki kam pynroi bad ki lad ai jingïarap jong ka IFAD kiba la pyntreikam ha ki jaka ba la shong shnong da ki Khasi, Garo, Karbi bad kiwei bad ia kine ki kam pynroi la pyntreikam da ka kynhun North Eastern Region Community Resource Management Project (NERCoRMP). Lada ngi peit ruh ia ki kyrteng jong ki dkhot jong ka tnat United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Indigenous Peoples ka paw ka kyrteng jong u Gam Shimray, uba dei u Naga Thangkhul na Manipur bad ha kajuh ka por ruh I Kong Streamlet Dkhar, iba dei i dkhot jong ka Indigenous Women India Network I la shah tyrwa kyrteng ryngkat bad kiwei dei ki Schedule Tribe kiba don ha ki jaka pdeng ka Ri India, kum ki Munda.
Na sla ka paw ba ka Ri India kam pdiang ia ka jingbatai jong ka United Nations shaphang ki Indigenous People, katba ki tnat treikam jong ka United Nations pat ki pdiang bad ñiew ia ki Schedule Tribe jong ka Ri India kum ki jaitbynriew Trai Ri. Ym tang katta, kiba bun ki seng trei mon sngewbha ha Ri India ki kheiñ ia ki Tribal kiba don ha Ri India kum ki Trai Ri. Kumta don kiba ong ba ki jingbatai bapher halor ki kyntien Schedule Tribe bad Indigenous People ki dei tang ka jingpynïapher jong ki riewstad ha ki skul bah katba ka Riti Synshar bad ki Aiñ bapher jong ka Ri India ki ai jingïada bad ithuh ia ki hok jong ki kum ki Trai Ri. Namar kata kam don jingktah ei ei ruh em ha ki kam bad jingpyntreikam ia ki kam pynroi. Ñiuma, kata kam long kaba dei bad ha Ri India ia ka jinglong Trai Ri la batai ha ki Article bad ki kyndon Aiñ kiba ïadei bad ki Schedule Tribe. Ka dei kane keiñ kaba wanrah ia ki jingeh bad kiba ktah shikatdei ia ki hok jong ki Trai Ri, kaba kynthup ia ka hok halor ka khyndew ka shyiap.
Wat la ym shym la batai bniah ha ka Riti Synshar jong ka Ri India, ki Schedule Tribe ki don ia kine ki jinglong (i) ki dei ka kynhun jaidbynriew kaba la rim bad ki la im naduh hyndai (ii) ki don la ki jong ki snap bad dei riti (iii) ki im bad ki shong ki sah ha ki jaka kiba kyndong bad ki im marwei ha la ka jong ka pyrthei (iv) ki kiar ban ïadei bad kiwei pat bad (v) ki dei kiba dang sah dien. Phewse kane ka jingbatai ruh ka long kaba bakla bad ka wanrah shibun ki kynrum kynram.
Hato ka jinglong rim ne jinglong hyndai jong ki kynhun jaitbynriew ka thew ia ka ïoh ka kot bad ka treikam treijam? Kum ka nuksa, ki kynhun kiba sahdien ki dei kito kiba im ha ka beh mrad, katba ki jaitbynriew kiba la kham ïaid shakhmat ki dei kiba la nang bad im da ki kam rep. Ha ki jingwad bniah, la shem ba ki Khasi bad kiwei ki kynhun Trai Ri kiba im ha ka thaiñ shatei lam mihngi ka Ri India ki la wan buhai shnong ha kane ka thaiñ kum ki nongrep. Ki wanrah ia ki symbai bad ki jingthung kiba thymmai bad uwei na kita u dei u kba. Ki Khasi bad kiwei ki kynhun jaitbynriew ki la sdang ia ka rep kba ha kane ka dewbah India bad ki rep ia u jait kba Oryza sativa japonica uba ki la khleh lang bad uwei pat u symbai kba uba la tip kum Oryza sativa indica bad ka rep ka riang ka la roi bad kiew shaphrang kat haduh ba la pynlong ia ka dewbah India ka dong kaba bun briew tam ha ka pyrthei. Namarakata, ki kynhun jaitbynriew kum ki Khasi, ha ka jaka ba kin pyni ia kata ka jinglong rim jong ki, pynban ki wanrah sha kine ki thaiñ ia ka jingstad kaba kordor ha ka kam rep bad kaba la pynlong ia ka dewbah India baroh kawei kum ka shnong kaba la shai bad kaba riewspah. Kumta man la kawei pa kawei ka kynhun jaitbynriew ka don la ka jong ka jinglong ba kyrpang bad kumta ym lah satai ban bun kyndon jingbatai halor ka jingim bad jinglong kyrpang jong ki Trai Ri. Ha kajuh ka por, kata ka jingong ba ki Trai Ri ki dei kiba im sha ki jaka kiba kyndong bad ba ki kiar ban ïadei kam bad kiwei pat ki jaitbynriew, kane ruh ka long ka jingbatai kaba ïalam bakla namar lada ngi shong ha ki jaka pdeng ne jaka thor jong ka Ri India ngin ïohi ba ka thaiñ shatei lam mihngi ka don sha khap bad sha kyndong. Ka jingshisha pat ka long ba ka Jylla Meghalaya, khamatm eh ka Ri Khasi, ka dei ka Ri shong pdeng pyrthei bad ka dei ka Jylla kaba don ha ka bynta kaba kongsan jong ki kam bad kad khaïi pateng ha ka pyrthei. Kum ka nuksa, u Lum Nokrek ha Garo Hills u dei u lum uba pynmih ia ki symbai soh jew na ki dieng sohjew khlaw kiba don ha une u lum bad ruh ki dieng soh jew khlaw kiba mih ha une u lum ki dei ki tynrai symbai sohjew jong ka pyrthei. Kumjuh ruh ha shuwa ka jingsynshar ki British, ki nongrep Khasi ki ju shalan sohñiamtra lyngba ki nongkhaïi na Arabia bad ki shalan shaduh Ri Syria. Lah ban ong ba na Ri Syria ki nongwan hiar thma ia ka thaiñ Arabia na Europe ki rah ia u symbai soh ñiamtra sha kylleng ki Ri hapoh ka dewbah Europe. Sa kawei pat ka jingbatai shaphang ka jinglong Trai Ri ba ki dei ka kynhun jaitbynriew kiba sahdien. Ïa kane ka bynta nga kyntu ia ki nongpule ba kin sngewbha ban plied ia ka kaiphot jong ka Mandal Commission bad ba ia ki jingai jingmut jong kane ka Commission halor ki dak jong ka jingsahdien la pdiang bad kubur ruh da ka Supreme Court ka Ri India ha ka mokutduma hapdeng ka Indra Sawhney bad ka Sorkar India. Ki jingai jingmut jong ka Mandal Commission lehse ia mynta ki long ki jingbatai kiba biang bha. Hynrei, ka mih ruh ka jingkylli ba hato ki jaitbynriew kum ki Khasi hadien ba ki la bit la biang bad kiew ha ka ïoh ka kot bad ka pule puthi, hato kin duh noh ia ki jingïada na ka Riti Synshar ka Ri, kum ka bhah kam bad ka Sixth Schedule?
Ki Trai Ri ka Ri India ki dei ki rit paid bad ki don tang kumba 9% ha ka jingdon briew ha ka Ri baroh kawei bad lymda ki ïoh ia ka jingïada kaba kyrpang da ka Aiñ ne ki kyndon ha ka Riti Synshar kin shah thombor bad sahdien shi junom. Kumta ka jingbhah kyrpang na ka bynta jong ki ha ka ïohkam ïohjam, ka pule puthi bad ban mang kyrpang ia ki shuki ha ki Ïing Dorbar Thaw Aiñ ka long na ka bynta kawei ka daw, ban plielad ia ki ban mihkhmat da lade hi bad pynsngew ia ka khia ka shon bad ban ïoh ka lad ban ïashim bynta lang ha ka synshar-khadar, ban pynïaid ia ki kam bad shna ia ki aiñ na ka bynta ka jingbit jingbiang jong ki bad ka Ri.
Ka Ri India ka dei ruh ka Ri ha kaba ia ka imlang sahlang, khamtam hapdeng ki Hindu, la phiah ha ki kyrdan kiba pher bad ka don ka jingpynïapher hapdeng ki jait bakhraw bad ki jait bapoh. Kane ka ktah ruh ia ki Trai Ri ritpaid kiba don shabar na kane ka rukom kheiñ khraw jait bad pohjait. Namarkata ka daw, ki aiñ kiba ïadei bad ka bhah kyrpang ia ki ritpaid ha ka ïoh kam ïoh jam, ka pule puthi bad ka jingmang kyrpang ia ki shuki ha ki Ïing Dorbar Thaw Aiñ na ka bynta ki ritpaid ka long kaba kongsan ban ïada ia ki riti ki dustur bad ka jingim jong ki Trai Ri.
Shuh shuh, ki Aiñ khyndew ruh ki long kiba kongsan bad dei na kata ka daw ba ki Trai Ri jong ka thaiñ Ladakh, kaba ha Jammu & Kashmir, mynta ki dawa ban pynjari ia ka Sixth Schedule ha ki jaka jong ki hadien ka jingpynhiar kyrdan ia ka Jylla Jammu & Kashmir sha ki ki Union Territory. Lehse, ka bhah kyrpang ha ki kam ki jam bad ka pule puthi kan dang neh slem, hynrei ngim thikna pat la ki hok jong ki Trai Ri halor ka khyndew ka shyiap kan neh ne em. Mynta ka don ka jingpyrshang kaba jur ban phiah bad wanrah ia ka jingsngew ïapher hapdeng ki Trai Ri kiba dang ksoh ia ka niam tynrai bad ki Trai Ri kiba la kylla niam bad kane ka jingpynïapher ka pyntlot bor ia ki rit paid bad kan pynsuk ia ki briew kiba na bar ban kurup ia ka kyndew bad pyndam ia ki hok jong ki Trai Ri. Ka jingkylli ka mih ruh hato ka rai jong ka ILO kaba 169 bad ka jingpynbna paidbah jong ka UNDRIP halor ki hok jong ki Trai Ri ka kynthup ruh ia ki hok halor ka khyndew? Bad hato ki Trai Ri, kum ki Khasi ki lah ban kam kynti ia ki rai bad jingpynbna jong ka United Nations?
Ka jingïalang bah jong ka International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention kaba169 ka buh ar tylli ki kyndon ban pynithuh ia ki nongshong shnong kum ki Trai Ri Trai Muluk (i) u ne ka ki pynithuh da lade ïalade bad ba ka kynhun jaitbynriew Trai Ri ka pdiang ia ki kum ki dkhot jong ka (ii) ka jinghiar pateng na ki kynhun Trai Ri kiba buhai shnong ha ki thaiñ ba pher jong ka Ri naduh shuwa ka jingshah jop thma ne jingshah synshar ha ki bor nongwei lane ha shuwa ban thaw ia ki pud ki sam jong ka Ri ne Jylla. Nalor nangta ki riti ki dustur, ka treikam treijam bad ka synshar-bishar tynrai kaba la don pateng la pateng. Kane ka kyndon kaba ar ka dei kaba kongsan tam namar ba ka thew ia ka jingslem ne jingjlan ka por jong ka jingbuhai shnong jong ki Trai Ri ha ka dong bad ka thaiñ. Kane ka thew bad ai ruh ha ki ia ka hok kum ki nongshong shnong kiba nyngkong tam ha ka thaiñ. Kum ka nuksa, ki jaitbynriew Trai Ri ha dewbah America ne ki Native American ki dei ki Trai Ri bad ki la shong shnong nyngkong eh ha ka dewbah la kumba khat lai hajar snem (13000) mynshuwa. Kine ki kynhun jaitbynriew Native American ki la don da ki phew shajar snem shuwa ka jingwan buhai shnong ki dohlieh na Europe.
Ha ka jingwad bniah ba dang shen la shem ba ki kynhun jaitbynriew Austroasiatic, ha kaba ka jaidbynriew Khasi ka dei kawei na kita bad ki Jaitbynriew kiba dei na ka kynhun Tibeto-Burman, kum ki Kok-Borok, Tani-Mishmi, Kuki-Chin-Mizo, ki dei ki Trai Ri bad ki la wan buhai shnong ha ka dewbah India ha lane shuwa ka snem 2000 Shuwa u Khrist. Ka paw ba ki Khasi ki dei kiba poi nyngkong kumba ha ka snem 3000 Shuwa u Khrist. Ha ka jingwad bniah la shem ruh ia ki dak ki shin ba ki la don ki kynhun jaitbynriew kiba dei ki nongbeh mrad kiba im ha ki khlaw ki btap ha ki thaiñ bapher ka dewbah India bad kine ki la duh jait mynta. Kumta ki Khasi bad kiwei de ki jaitbynriew ki dei ki jaitbynriew Trai Ri kiba la shong shnong nyngkong eh ha kane ka thaiñ shatei lam mihngi ka Ri India. Ki Khasi bad kiwei de ki jaitbynriew ki la don bad buhai shnong da ki phew hajar snem shuwa ban wan poi ki kynhun jaitbynriew Indo-Aryan. Lah ban shem ba ka jingwan buhai shnong jong ka kynhun Indo-Aryan ka la pynlong ia ki Trai Ri jong ka dewbah India ban krih bad kynriah jaka shong noh sha kiwei pat ki dong bad ki dak ki shin jong ka jingkrih bad jingkynriah jaka shong ki dang sah bad paw ha ki bynta ba shatei jong ka Ri India. Na ki jingshem jong ki nongwad bniah bad ki riewthwet jingtip lah ban ong ba ki Khasi ki dei ki Trai Ri katkum ka jingbatai jong ka jingïalang Dorbar jong ka International Labour Organization kaba 169 bad kumta ki don ka hok ban kam kynti ia ki lad jingïada kiba la kdew ha ka jingpynbna paidbah jong ka UNDRIP.
Ka mat kaba ha khmat eh ba ka UNDRIP ka la shim ka long ka hok jong ki trai ri halor ka khyndew ka shyiap. Ka Article ba 10 ka kren shai kumne, ” ba ym lah ban kyndang jubor ia ki Trai Ri na ka khyndew bad ka shnong ba ki shong ki sah.” Shuh shuh, ha ka Article ba 26 la batai bniah ia ka hok jong ki Trai Ri halor ka khyndew. Kumta ka rai jong ka jingïalang jong ka ILO kaba 169 bad ka jingpynbna jong ka UNDRIP ka treikam ha Ri India bad ki Trai Ri kum ki Khasi bad kiwei ki don ka hok ban kam kynti ia ki hok jong ki.
Watla ka Riti Synshar ka Ri India kam shym kdew shai shaphang ki Trai Ri, hynrei hapoh jong ka ki don shibun tylli ki kyndon kiba ai jingïada bad kyntiew ia ki Trai Ri. Ka kyntien kaba ka Riti Synshar ka pdiang ka dei Schedule Tribe, phewse lada ngi pyrkhat bha ia ka lawei jong ki Trai Ri, ka kyntien ne saiñ pyrkhat Tribal kan ym lah ban ïada ia ki hok jong ki Trai Ri.Dei tang ka kyntien bad ka saiñ pyrkhat Trai Ri kaba lah ban pynthikna ia ki lad jingïada. Kumta ki kynhun Jaitbynriew Trai Ri ki dei ban pyrkhat thymmai noh kumne-(i) ban pynithuh ïalade bad ia ka kynhun kum ki jaitbynriew Trai Ri bad (ii) ba ki kynhun jaitbynriew Trai Ri ki dei ban sangeh noh ban pyndonkam ia ka kyntien Tribal ne Schedule Tribe (iii) ba ki kynhun Jaitbynriew Trai Ri kiba don ha ka dewbah India ki dei ban ïawan lang bad ïamir jingmut lang halor kane ka bynta bad ban ïakhun lang na ka bynta ki hok jong ki. Ma ngi ki Trai Ri jong ka Jylla Meghalaya ruh ngi dei ban pyrkhat thymmai bad ngi dei ban kloi ban ïatreilang bad kiwei ki jaitbynriew Trai Ri kiba don kylleng ka dewbah India.
(Kane ka jingthoh ka dei ka jingsngew bad jingtip shimet jong u nongthoh)
